Other functionalities can be obtained with more complex esters. Such structures could introduce charged function or could crosslink cellulose fibers which could improve structural strength of the material. **Highlights:** * Cellulose was first chemically modified with chloroacetyl chloride (...)  chloroacetyl cellulose was reacted with either secondary **amines or thiols**. (...) The resulting products were found to be thermally stable and have glass transition temperatures around 120 °C. (...) Their potential, as packaging films, was then studied from the view-point of *their moisture and oxygen barrier properties*, as well as their *tensile properties.* [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67428-2007599535)

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are a class of powerful oxidative enzymes that breakdown recalcitrant polysaccharides such as cellulose. This class of enzyme often generates C1 oxidated structures, however, C4 oxidation is also possible with certain enzymes. [\[1\] ](http://www.jbc.org/content/289/5/2632.full) These enzymes are used to shorten cellulose fibers and to introduce oxidized functionalities. **Highlights:** * By cleaving otherwise inaccessible crystalline cellulose chains, these enzymes provide access to hydrolytic enzymes. LPMOs are of interest to biotechnology because efficient depolymerization of cellulose is a major bottleneck for the production of biologically based chemicals and fuels.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67739-2405012546) * Refined cotton linters with high cellulose content were treated with hydrolytic (cellulases) and oxidative (LPMO and Laccase_Tempo) enzymes to evaluate their effect on fibre properties and in improving *mechanical fibrillation*.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67739-2955708427)

The C6 hydroxyls on cellulose can be (partially) oxidized to the carboxylic acid using  2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation. **Highlights:** * Preparation methods and fundamental characteristics of **TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCN)** are **reviewed in this paper**. Significant amounts of C6 carboxylate groups are selectively formed on each cellulose microfibril surface by TEMPO-mediated oxidation without any changes to the original crystallinity (∼74%) or crystal width of wood celluloses. (...) Self-standing TOCN films are transparent and flexible, with high tensile strengths of 200–300 MPa and elastic moduli of 6–7 GPa. Moreover, TOCN-coated poly(lactic acid) films have *extremely low oxygen permeability.* [ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67614-2110567375) * The TOCN films prepared from softwood cellulose were transparent and flexible and had extremely low coefficients of thermal expansion caused by high crystallinity of **TOCN**. Moreover, *oxygen permeability* of a polylactic acid (PLA) film drastically decreased to about 1/750 by forming a thin TOCN layer on the PLA film. Hydrophobization of the originally hydrophilic TOCN films was achieved by treatment with alkylketene dimer. These unique characteristics of the TOCN films are promising for potential applications in some high-tech materials.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67614-2058779127) * The exploration of new bio-based packaging materials, such as TEMPO-oxidize nanofibrillated cellulose (**TOCN**), has increased due to its biodegradable and renewable character. This work emphasizes the *antioxidant activity* and *high barrier properties* against the *diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor* from a nanocomposite based on polypyrrole (PPy) and TOCN, as well as its biodegradability for **food packaging** applications.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67614-2586044469)

The carboxylic acid introduced in TOC can be used to introduce other functionalities. **Highlights:** * (...) surface grafting of TEMPO-oxidized CNC (TOCNC) performed with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The PEG-grafting on crystalline region of cellulose nanofibrils was achieved through ionic bonds by applying ion-exchange method (simple and easy method). (...) The *tensile strength and thermal stability* were remarkably improved for the film containing highest wt% of modified CNC. In addition to this, the film showed reduced *water vapor barrier properties* and *antioxidant activity* which enables it to be used as a packaging films. Moreover, the film displayed negligible toxicity (...)[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67726-2953938117)

By radical initiation, functional groups can be "grafted" onto the cellulose material, introducing new functionalities. **Highlights:** * Introduction of diethylene triamine to counteract the negative charge of the cellulose hydroxyls: Bagasse cellulose was grafted with **diethylenetriamine** to prepare a copolymer. (...) The grafting bagasse cellulose has the advantage of *being biodegradable* and has low cost of raw materials. Its absorbent properties are an attractive alternative for wastewater treatment and avoids environmental pollution.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67493-1653945450) * Grafted **antibacterial cellulose film(AA-PHMB-g-cellulose film)** was used in *packaging of fresh pork at room and low temperatures. (...)* comparing with blank group and common cellulose film packaging (...) he AA-PHMB-g-cellulose packaging film can prolong the fresh pork shelf life effectively. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67493-2354208652) * (...) applications, such as in paper, *packaging*, biosorption, and biomedical. In present communication, in an effort to develop a proficient way to rapidly synthesize **poly(methyl acrylate)-graft-cellulose (PMA-g-cellulose) copolymers** (...) access their application in everyday life, in a direction toward green environment. The grafted copolymers demonstrated increased *chemical resistance*, and *higher thermal stability.* [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67493-2027822849)

(Enzymatic) cleavage of cellulose fibers generates aldehyde functions that can be reacted with functional groups. **Highlights:** * Coating processes are applied in order to improve coating adhesion and resistance to degradation. Covalently bound organic coatings rather than merely physically bound ones assure stable modification. In this study a novel two-step process was developed to modify cellulose/chitin mix fibers consisting of enzymatic activation with a commercial cellulase, followed by a coupling reaction with N-isopropylacrylamide (or poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)) in the presence of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). (...) All obtained results confirm the structural and morphological changes of the fiber surface after the application of the two-step procedure. [ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67605-2325078165)

Plasma modification is one of the most efficient ways for the surface treatment of polymers, since plasma treatment could selectively modify the chemical and the physical properties of the surface of the polymers by not affecting the original bulk characteristics of the polymers. A **dielectric barrier discharge** is one method of plasma treatment of textiles at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The treatment can be used to modify the surface properties of the textile to improve wettability, improve the absorption of dyes and adhesion, and for sterilization. **Highlights:** * Dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment was applied to modify cellulose nanofibre (CNF) surfaces with and without ultrasonic irradiation.The plasma treatment improved the wetting by deionised water and glycerol, and increased the contents of oxygen, carbonyl group, and carboxyl group on the nanofibre surface. it is demonstrated that atmospheric pressure plasma treatment is a promising technique to modify the CNF surface before composite processing.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67723-2622248544)

Mercerisation is a textile finishing treatment for cellulose fabric and yarn, mainly cotton and flax, which improves dye uptake and tear strength, reduces fabric shrinkage, and imparts a silk-like luster. Treatment with sodium hydroxide destroys the spiral form of the cellulose with formation of alkali cellulose, which is changed to cellulose hydrate on washing out the alkali.[\[1\]](https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2443/topics/chemistry/mercerization ) **Highlights:** * Chemical pre-treatments, namely delignification and mercerization processes, were initially involved to extract the sugar palm cellulose.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67681-2945377127) * Carboxymethyl cellulose from bleached bagasse pulp (CMC B ) was synthesized at various alkaline concentrations from 20%(w/v) to 60%(w/v) and then the spray drying process was utilized as a simultaneous shape forming and purification step to obtain CMC microspheres without remnants of cellulose fibers.(...) The CMC B film of microphere using 40%(w/v) NaOH showed the highest *tensile strength* (53.7 MPa) as well elongation at a break of 3.09%. Increasing alkaline concentration coupled with the use of the spray drying process resulted in decreasing film viscosity but increasing CMC B film’s *water solubility, tensile strength and elongation* (up to 40%, w/v of NaOH concentration), *water vapor and oxygen gas transmission rates*.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67681-2757073166)

**Sonication** is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample. Ultrasonic frequencies (>20 kHz) are usually used, leading to the process also being known as ultrasonication or ultra-sonication. **Highlights:** * The obtained chemical-purified cellulose fibers were then mechanically separated into nanofibers using **ultrasonication.** The diameter distributions of the resulting nanofibers were dependent on the output power of ultrasonic treatment. The extent of dispersion improved significantly with increasing output power of ultrasonic treatment (...) Results from this work may be potentially applied in various fields such as bio-nanocomposites, filtration media *packaging,* tissue engineering scaffolds, and so on.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67745-1884898402) * Nanofibrils were isolated through an enzymatic treatment followed by **high-intensity sonication.** (...) [ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67745-2502957169)

An ionic liquid (IL) is a salt in the liquid state. Ionic liquids have many potential applications, e.g. they are powerful (green) solvents.  **Highlights:** * (...)  the time for complete dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids was too long for processing and derivatization to produce industrial materials. Herein, ethanol pretreatment was introduced to improve cellulose dissolution in ionic liquids. The pretreated cellulose was easily wetted and penetrated for dissolution in ionic liquids, which efficiently avoided the formation of the agglomerates of cellulose mixed with air wrapped with viscous ionic liquids. The dissolution time of pretreated cellulose could decrease to 75 min under the given conditions. (...) ethanol pretreatment and dissolution in ionic liquid did not lead to any functionalization of cellulose. It was also found that the *crystalline structure of native cellulose was destroyed* and the regenerated cellulose was mainly composed of *amorphous structure.* [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67500-2029155595) * (...) regeneration of cellulose fibers using ionic liquids (ILs) as green solvents has been a topic of interest to both industrial and academic sectors. (...) utilization of the whole biomass―particularly woody residues―to manufacture high-performance materials offers an attractive value-proposition. In this study, we demonstrated fiber regeneration of whole hybrid poplar (HP) biomass by a sustainable method. (...) understanding of the inter- and intramolecular interactions in HP biomass-IL solutions, as well as their corresponding spinnability, structural reformation, and mechanical performance of the regenerated fibers. Particularly, the molecular alignment, recrystallization, and crystallinity of the spun fibers were correlated to the chain entanglement, molecular relaxation, and rheological properties of the HP biomass-IL solutions.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67500-2952134982)

In this technique liquid passes through a narrow gap a few micrometers in size with high pressure ranging from 100 to 2000 bar, resulting in the small and uniform size particles dispersion. **Highlights:** * In this study, unbleached bagasse pulp was pretreated with xylanase and cold alkali to partially remove hemicellulose and convert to some cellulose I into cellulose II. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were then obtained through ultra-micro grinding and **high-pressure homogenization**. (...) The results show that xylanase pretreatment can improve the dispersion of fibers *during mechanical treatment* and can *enhance the crystallinity* of CNF.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67738-2887078511) * These results indicate that xylanase-assisted pretreatment with **high-pressure homogenization** is an environmentally friendly method to isolate **CNFs** and clearly demonstrates the potential of enzymatic pretreatment for reducing environmental contamination, especially with regard to toxic chlorine compounds that are required for the bleaching process. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67738-2216898543) * Then, mechanical pre-treatment was performed by passing the sugar palm cellulose through a refiner to avoid clogging in the subsequent process of **high pressurized homogenization**. (...) The nanofibres were attained at 500 bar for 15 cycles with 92% yield. The results showed that the average diameter and length of the nanofibrillated cellulose were found to be 5.5 ± 1.0 nm and several micrometres, respectively. They also displayed higher crystallinity (81.2%) and thermal stability compared to raw fibres, which served its purpose as an effective reinforcing material for use as bio-nanocomposites. The nanocellulose developed promises to be a very versatile material by having a huge potential in many applications, encompassing *bio-packaging* to scaffolds for tissue regeneration. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67738-2945377127) * the obtained cellulose fibres were then mechanically extracted into nanofibres using **high pressurized homogenization (HPH)**. The diameter distribution sizes of the isolated nanofibres were dependent on the cycle number of HPH treatment. (...) The isolated NFCs may be potentially applied in various application, such as tissue engineering scaffolds, bio-nanocomposites, filtration media, bio-packaging and etc. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67738-2901881437)

**Highlights:** * In this study, unbleached bagasse pulp was pretreated with xylanase and cold alkali to partially remove hemicellulose and convert to some cellulose I into cellulose II. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were then obtained through **ultra-micro grinding** and high-pressure homogenization. (...) The results show that xylanase pretreatment can improve the dispersion of fibers *during mechanical treatment* and can *enhance the crystallinity* of CNF. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67737-2887078511)

**Highlights:** * mechanical fibrillation in **ultrafine wet grinding**. (...) The sheets made from the sulfonated samples yielded an almost twofold increase in tensile strength and Young's modulus (100 MPa and 7–7.5 GPa, respectively) compared to the reference sample without sulfonation (52 MPa and 4.3 GPa) at an applied net grinding energy of 7 MW h per ton. It was found that the size of the fibrils was at a similar level with and without sulfonation, but the bonding ability of the sulfonated samples was clearly better.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67840-2969782681)

The **Jokro mill**, based on technology developed by Jonas/Kross, enables laboratory scale, standards-com- pliant and reproducible beatings of pulp, using the principle of centrifugal force. **Highlights:** * Ethanol-based organosolv pulps with different residual lignin contents (2.9%, 5.0%, and 9.4%) were refined by **Jokro milling and Bauer disk refining**. Nanofibrils were isolated through an enzymatic treatment followed by high-intensity sonication. (...) The combination of mechanical refining and enzymatic treatment was successful applied to produce homogeneous nanofibrils from sugarcane bagasse.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67741-2502957169)

**Highlights:** * Jute fibres were first refined to micro/nanoscale particles in form of **nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC)** by **high energy planetary ball milling process** in dry and wet condition. Wet milling was observed more efficient than dry milling in terms of unimodality of size distribution with reduction in size below 500 nm after milling for 3 hours. Later the obtained particles were used as fillers in Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) films and their reinforcement evaluated based on thermal properties. It was observed that glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVA films improved from 84.36 °C to 95.22 °C after addition of 5 % jute particles without affecting % crystallinity and melting temperature (T m) of PVA. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67846-1965810662)

The dispersion of nanoparticles in cellulose-based material. **Highlights:** * In the present work, cellulose nanocomposites dispersed with **copper nanoparticles (CuNPs)** were prepared using CuSO4·5H2O (...) The cellulose/CuNPs composite films showed good *antibacterial activity* against E-coil. (...) All these studies revealed that cellulose/CuNPs composites have enhanced thermal stability, tensile strength by the addition of CuNPs. These biodegradable cellulose/CuNPs composites films can be used for packaging and biomedical applications.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67575-2769302103) * In this research, a novel carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based nanocomposite films containing sodium montmorillonite (MMT) (5% wt) and **zinc oxide (ZnO)** (1, 2, 3 and 4% wt) nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated via casting method. The results revealed that addition of NPs decreased water vapor permeability of the films by about 53%, while moisture content, density and glass transition temperature increased. The nanomaterials enhanced resistance of the nanocomposites against tensile stress at the expense of elongation at break. Nano-ZnO was very effective than nanoclay in UV–light blocking (99% vs. 60%) associated with sacrificing the films transparency. (...) In conclusion, simultaneous incorporation of MMT and ZnO NPs improved the functional characteristics of CMC film and extended the potential for *food packaging applications*. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67575-2767746065)

**Highlights:** * Cellulose-based film has a poor water vapor barrier property, which limits its applications in food packaging. (...) UV curable polyfluoro resin was incorporated into the cellulose matrix for superhydrophobic modification of the cellulose matrix (...) the surface properties of the composites could be changed from hydrophobic to superhydrophobic by increasing the polyfluoro resin content. Moreover, UV-initiated polymerization was used to modify the cellulose matrix, the process was green and facile, which showing potential for cellulose matrix modification.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67421-2785420484)

**Highlights:** * Cellulose-based composites containing various amounts of SBA-15 mesoporous silica were prepared by NMMO-technology, and their morphologies, mechanical properties, permeability for oxygen and water vapor were studied. The investigation suggested that both the modified and unmodified mesoporous silica materials can improve the elongation at break of the cellulose films. However, the incorporation of the mesoporous silica materials can *reduce the tensile strength* of the films, and the modified one has less effect on that than the unmodified one. The composites films with rational mechanical properties have *adjustable oxygen permeability* (7.90 × 10−15–94.6 × 10−15 cm3 · cm/cm2 · s · Pa) and *water vapor permeability* (7.12 × 10−13–4.10 × 10−13 g · cm/cm2 · s · Pa).[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67682-1982412063)

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly called polyvidone or povidone, is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone. **Highlights:** * The biodegradable composite films were developed by a film casting method using modified cellulose with poly(vinyl alcohol) and polypyrrolidone in different compositions. Film composites showed *good biodegradability. Better barrier and mechanical properties* showed by film composites as the percentage of modified cellulose increased. This indicates the importance of modified cellulose as a reinforcing agent. After analyzing these properties of film composites we came to the conclusion that, these biocomposites can be used for membrane and *packaging applications*.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67845-2071790967)

***Gelatin*** is a mixture of peptides and proteins produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the skin, bones, and connective tissues of animals such as domesticated cattle, chicken, pigs, and fish. **Highlights:** * Microfibrillated cellulose isolated from bagasse was used to prepare novel nanocomposites using cross-linked gelatin as a biodegradable polymer matrix. (...)  Microfibrillated cellulose *improved wet and dry maximum tensile stress* and modulus of cross-linked gelatin but resulted in a decrease of its strain at break. Microfibrillated cellulose did not affect the water absorption of cross-linked gelatin but *significantly improved its moisture barrier* property.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67452-2060326771)

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a term for refined wood pulp and is used as a texturizer, an anti-caking agent, a fat substitute, an emulsifier, an extender, and a bulking agent in food production. **Highlights:** * More ecofriendly packaging can be obtained with the use of cellulose as a reinforcement and barrier. For this work, cellulose particles were incorporated in EVA matrix to obtain transparent EVA composite films with cellulose particles at different concentrations focusing on the *improvement of the barrier properties*. The films were obtained by solution casting.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67420-2797451062)

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are nanoscale cellulose produced from renewable resources with strong reinforcing potential when included in a polymer matrix. Nanocrystals are sometimes chemically modified to generate (modified-CNCs) or cationically modified (CNCC) **Highlights:** * In this paper, a mini review is presented on the researches and developments related to electrospun polymer nanofibers. \[\[Review\]\](Review on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as reinforced agent) * Because the cellulose nanofillers enhanced the mechanical and water stability properties of the nanocomposites, the obtained results in this work may be applied to the development of **biodegradable packaging** or coatings to *enhance shelf life of food products.* [ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67482-2054638759) * Furthermore, different mechanical performance was obtained when using different masterbatches, which were considered to contribute to extend the applications of PLA based composites as *food packaging materials* in different sectors. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67482-1994466902) * this review aims to collate the knowledge available about the sources, chemical structure, and physical and chemical isolation procedures, as well as describes the mechanical, optical, and rheological properties, of cellulose nanocrystals. Innovative applications in diverse fields such as biomedical engineering, *material sciences,* electronics, catalysis, etc, wherein these cellulose nanocrystals can be used, are highlighted.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67482-2187006386) * (...) nanocomposite film based on corn nanostarch (CNS) as the matrix and modified cellulose nanocrystals (modified-CNCs) as the reinforcement was prepared using a solution casting method. The *cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were modified* by a two-step method in which they were initially crosslinked with citric acid, and subsequently amidated with chitosan. Then, a type of CNS/modified-CNCs nanocomposite film with different content levels of modified-CNC were prepared and characterized (....) It was observed that when compared with the pure CNS film, the 8.0 wt% modified-CNCs loaded nanostarch-based nanocomposite film had displayed a 230.0% increase in tensile strength. And the moisture absorption ability had decreased by 25.6%; water vapor permeability had decreased by 87.4%; and the water contact angle value had increased by 18.1%. Also the results of this experimental study had revealed that the CNS/modified-CNCs nanocomposite film had displayed better antimicrobial activities against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria when compared with the pure CNS film [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67482-2938322608) * Herein, a comparative study was conducted on the effect of unmodified and cationically modified nanocrystalline cellulose (CNCC) on the overall properties of the as-prepared hemicelluloses (HC)/sorbitol (SB) films.[ ](#article-67487-2661721952)(...) The tensile stress of the composite films with 9% NCC and 9% CNCC was 9.18 and 10.44 MPa, respectively, which was increased by 14 and 30% in comparison to that of pure HC/SB film (8.05 MPa). The marked increase in elastic modulus as a function of the added NCC or CNCC was also identified. This result strongly supports the conclusion that the addition of NCC or CNCC was effective in improving the mechanical properties of HC/SB films. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67482-2661721952)

cellulose nanofibers (CNF) also called nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), or bacterial nanocellulose. CNF is a material composed of nanosized cellulose fibrils with a high aspect ratio (length to width ratio). Typical fibril widths are 5–20 nanometers with a wide range of lengths, typically several micrometers. **Highlights:** * Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was modified by rosin and used as a reinforcement filler within a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. The resulting film was then coated with chitosan (CHT) to prepare a two-layer composite film for antimicrobial food packaging.[ ](#article-67489-2775228024)(...) A percolation network was formed when the R-CNF loading was 8%, where the composite film displayed optimum mechanical properties. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67491-2775228024) * Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was used to improve the optical and strength properties of soda bagasse pulp (500 CSF) in the presence of cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM). (...) Generally, cellulose nanofibers/cationic polyacrylamide complexes improved the optical and strength properties of bagasse pulp. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67491-2520801367) * enzymatically refined and/or containing cellulose nanofibers (CNF) in bulk. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67491-2770579033)

Normal cellulose has been described as filler in materials. **Highlights:** * (...) the effects of relative humidity (RH) pre-conditioning (53% vs. 85% RH) and incorporation of cellulose fillers (from Posidonia waste biomass) on the properties and retrogradation of melt compounded starch biocomposites were investigated. (...) Although incomplete gelatinization of the starch pre-conditioned at 53% RH led to films with bigger cellulose aggregates, t*heir mechanical and water barrier properties were better*, outperforming starch-cellulose biocomposites typically reported in the literature. (...) highlighting the potential of Posidonia biomass as a cheap source of high-performance fillers.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67722-2935837488)

**We do not search specifically for reviews, however when encountered, they are added here.** * This review focuses on the challenges and opportunities provided by engineering cellulose thin films for controlling biomolecules interactions.[ \[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67588-2961500553) * **This review summarizes methods either chemical or coating types -** Because of the natural fibre's positive commercial and environmental outcomes, as well as their desirable properties such as high specific strength, natural fibre reinforced composites are displaying a good potential to be used in various applications such as automotive, aerospace and **packaging**. This review addresses a comprehensive survey on hygroscopic factors (long term environmental aging) affecting natural fibres and their performance as reinforcement in polymer composites. (...) Furthermore, the review also addresses the progress in the development of superhydrophobic materials based on cellulose material for better moisture resistance. [\[Art. #ARTNUM\]](#article-67588-2209642132) **More reviews** can be found by clicking the blue bar with "LITERATURE LIST"